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Culture of Vietnam   by jekky

Society br Development in northern Vietnam seeks harmony with traditional land use br Rural br Pod dwellers accounted for 29 6 of the population their numbers rising 3 4 a year on average while the head count of rural folks edged up by only 0 4 a year About 70 4 of Vietnamese citizens currently live in bad areas and although many are being influenced by the process of a growing economy rural tradition and customs still play a vital role in shaping the stomping culture Vietnamese give much to protecting their money such that traveling to Vietnam means going to an older world for all Asian tourists br Organization br In terms of societal levels of organization the two most important units are lng village and n country Vietnamese people usually say that lng goes hand in hand with n Intermediate organizational units like the huy district and th province are not as important The culture is like a vast ocean of people br Kinship br In rural Vietnam kinship plays an important role If it can be said that Western cultures value individualism then it can also be said that Eastern cultures value the roles of family and clan Comparing with Eastern cultures Chinese culture values family over clan while Vietnamese culture values clan over family Each clan has a patriarch clan altar and death commemorations attended by the whole clan br Most inhabitants are related by blood That fact is still seen in village names such as g X place for the g clan Chu X L X so on so forth In the Western highlands the tradition of many families in a clan residing in a longhouse is still popular In the majority of rural Vietnam today one can still see three or four generations living under one roof br Because kinship has an important role in society there is a complex hierarchy of relationships In Vietnamese society there are nine distinct generations Virtually all commemorations and celebrations within a clan follow the principles of these nine generations Younger persons might have a higher position in the family hierarchy than an older person and still must be respected as an elder For example if the parent of a child was older but had an older cousin whose parent was younger than the first child s parent then the first child would be higher ranked br This complex system of relationships a result of both Confucianism and societal norms is conveyed particularly through the extensive use of varying pronouns in Vietnamese language which has an extensive array of honorifics to signify the status of the speaker in regards to the person they are speaking to br Marriage br Main article Traditional Vietnamese wedding br In the past both men and women were expected to be married at quite young ages by today s standards Marriages were generally arranged by the parents and extended family with the children having limited right to say no in the matter br In modern Vietnam this has changed completely as people choose their own marriage partners based on love and in consideration primarily to their own needs and wants br The traditional Vietnamese wedding is one of the most important of traditional Vietnamese occasions Regardless of Westernization many of the age old customs practiced in a traditional Vietnamese wedding continue to be celebrated by both Vietnamese in Vietnam and overseas often combining both Western and Eastern elements br Depending on habits of specific ethnic groups marriage includes various steps and related procedures but generally there are two main ceremonies br Le an hoi betrothal ceremony Some time before the wedding the groom and his family visit the bride and her family with round lacquered boxes known as betrothal presents composed of gifts of areca nuts and betel leaves tea cake fruits wines and other delicacies covered with red cloth and carried by unmarried girls or boys Both families agree to pick a good day for wedding br Le cuoi wedding ceremony Guests would be invited to come to join a party and celebrate the couple s happiness The couple should pray before the altar asking their ancestors for permission for their marriage then to express their gratitude to both groom s and bride s parents for raising and protecting them Guests will share their joy at a party later br Funeral Ceremony br Formerly funeral ceremonies went as following the body was washed and dressed then a le ngam ham or chopstick was laid between the teeth and a pinch of rice and three coins were dropped in the mouth Then the body was put on a grass mat laid on the ground according to the saying eing born from the earth one must return back to the earth The dead body was enveloped with white cloth le kham liem and put into the coffin le nhap quan Finally the funeral ceremony le thanh phuc was officially performed br The deceased person s sons daughters and daughters in law had to wear coarse gauze turbans and tunics and hats made of straw or of dry banana fiber The deceased person s grandchildren and relatives also had to wear mourning turbans During the days when the dead were still laid out at home the mourning went on with worshipping meals and mourning music Relatives neighbours and friends came to offer their condolences br The date and time for the funeral procession le dua tang must be carefully selected Relatives friends and descendants take part in the funeral procession to accompany the dead along the way to the burial ground Votive papers were dropped along the way At the grave site the coffin is buried and covered After three days of mourning the family visits the tomb again le mo cua ma or worship the opening the grave after 49 days le chung that the family stops bringing rice for the dead to the altar And finally after 100 days the family celebrates tot khoc or the end of the tears After one year is the ceremony of the first anniversary of the relative s death and after two years is the ceremony of the end of mourning br Nowadays mourning ceremonies follow new rituals which are simplified they consist of covering and putting the dead body into the coffin the funeral procession the burial of the coffin into the grave and the visits to the tomb The deceased person s family members wear a white turban or a black mourning band br Religion and Philosophy br Main article Religion in Vietnam br Religion in Vietnam has historically been largely defined by the East Asian mix of Buddhism Confucianism and Taoism the so called Tam Gio or triple religion but today it has become more diverse including other religions such as catholism etc Vietnamese Buddhism has typically been the most popular The country also has a strong cultural norm of ancestor worship as well as animism This fits perfectly with the triple religion making it difficult for many Vietnamese to express exactly which religion they practice Of the three Vietnamese Buddhism has always been the most popular with commoners br Besides the triple religion Vietnamese life was also profoundly influenced by the practice of ancestor worship as well as native animism Most Vietnamese people regardless of religious denomination practice ancestor worship and have an ancestor altar at their home or business a testament to the emphasis Vietnamese culture places on filial duty br Along with obligations to clan and family education has always played a vital role in Vietnamese culture In the old days scholars were placed at the top of society Men not born of noble blood could only wish to elevate their status by means of studying for a rigorous Imperial examination which could potentially open doors to a position in the government granting them power and prestige as Mandarin officials br Cuisine br Main article Cuisine of Vietnam br See also Vietnamese wine br Vietnamese ph noodle soup with sliced rare beef and well done beef brisket br Vietnamese cuisine is extremely diverse often divided into three main categories each pertaining to Vietnam s three main regions north central and south It uses very little oil and many vegetables and is mainly based on rice soy sauce and fish sauce Its characteristic flavors are sweet sugar spicy serrano peppers sour lime nuoc mam fish sauce and flavored by a variety of mint and basil br Vietnam also has a large variety of noodles and noodle soups Different regions invented different types of noodles varying in shapes tastes colors etc One of the nation s most famous type of noodles is ph pronounced fuh a type of noodle soup originating in North Vietnam which consists of rice noodles and beef soup sometimes chicken soup with several other ingredients such as bean sprouts and scallions spring onions It is often eaten for breakfast but also makes a satisfying lunch or light dinner The boiling stock fragrant with spices and sauces is poured over the noodles and vegetables poaching the paper thin slices of raw beef just before serving Ph is meant to be savored incorporating several different flavors the sweet flavor of beef sour lemons salty fish sauce and fresh vegetables br Currently Vietnamese cuisine has been gaining popularity and can be found widely in many other countries such as the United States Australia Canada South Korea Laos Japan China Malaysia and France Vietnamese cuisine is recognized for its strict sometimes choosy selection of ingredients A chef preparing authentic Vietnamese cuisine may incorporate the ingredients provided in these countries but generally will prefer ingredients native to Vietnam br Clothing br Main article Vietnamese clothing br The plain white o di is worn as a uniform in Vietnamese high schools br In feudal Vietnam clothing was one of the most important marks of social status and strict dress codes were enforced br Commoners had a limited choice of similarly plain and simple clothes for every day use as well as being limited in the colors they were allowed to use For a period commoners were not allowed to wear clothes with dyes other than black brown or white with the exception of special occasions such as festivals but in actuality these rules could change often based upon the whims of the current ruler br The o t thn or four part dress is one such example of an ancient dress widely worn by commoner women along with the o y bodice which accompanied it Peasants across the country also gradually came to wear silk pajama like costumes known as o cnh in the north and o b ba in the south br The headgear of peasants often included a plain piece of cloth wrapped around the head generally called Khn g or the stereotypical Nn l conical hat For footwear peasants would often go barefoot whereas sandals and shoes were reserved for the aristocracy and royalty br Monarchs had the exclusive right to wear the color gold while nobles wore red or purple Each member of the royal court had an assortment of different formal gowns they would wear at a particular ceremony or for a particular occasion The rules governing the fashion of the royal court could change dynasty by dynasty thus Costumes of the Vietnamese court were quite diverse br The most popular and widely recognized Vietnamese national costume is the o Di which is worn nowadays mostly by women although men do wear o di on special occasions such as weddings and funerals o di is derived from the Chinese Qipao although it consists of a long gown with a slit on both sides worn over cotton or silk trousers It is elegant in style and comfortable to wear and likely derived in the 18th century or in the royal court of Hu White o di is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across Vietnam Some female office workers e g receptionists secretaries tour guides are also required to wear o di o Di was once worn by both genders but today it is worn mainly by females except for certain important traditional culture related occasions where some men do wear it br In daily life the traditional Vietnamese styles are now replaced by Western styles Traditional clothing is worn instead on special occasions with the exception of the white o di commonly seen with high school girls in Vietnam br Art br Main article Vietnamese art br See also List of traditional Vietnamese handicraft villages br See also Vietnamese literature br Noon gate leading to the Imperial City an example of Nguyen dynasty Imperial architecture br Traditional Vietnamese art is art practiced in Vietnam or by Vietnamese artists from ancient times including the elaborate Dong Son drums to post Chinese domination art which was strongly influenced by Chinese Buddhist art among other philosophies such as Taoism and Confucianism The art of Champa and France also played a smaller role later on br The Chinese influence on Vietnamese art extends into Vietnamese pottery and ceramics calligraphy and traditional architecture Currently Vietnamese lacquer paintings have proven to be quite popular br Calligraphy br Main article East Asian calligraphy br Calligraphy has had a long history in Vietnam previously using Chinese characters along with Ch Nm However most modern Vietnamese calligraphy instead uses the Roman character based Qu Ng which has proven to be very popular br In the past with literacy in the old character based writing systems of Vietnam being restricted to scholars and elites calligraphy nevertheless still played an important part in Vietnamese life On special occasions such as the Lunar New Year people would go to the village teacher or scholar to make them a calligraphy hanging often poetry folk sayings or even single words People who could not read or write also often commissioned scholars to write prayers which they would burn at temple shrines br Performing arts br Music br A trio of Vietnamese musicians perform together The man at centre plays a n nh br Main article Music of Vietnam br Vietnamese music varies slightly in the three regions B or North Trung or Central and Nam or South Northern classical music is Vietnam s oldest and is traditionally more formal Vietnamese classical music can be traced to the Mongol invasions when the

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